An as yet unidentified algae is blooming in Central Florida lakes this late December likely caused by extremely warm weather and nutrient rich runoff. A bloom, like this, can result in a visible coloration of the water colloquially known as red tide.
Most likely the bloom is a dinoflagellate perhaps of the Genus Noctiluca because of its rust-color.
Follow Phillip
on instagram
The other, less likely culprit is iron-oxidizing bacteria. Commonly with iron-oxidizing bacteria there may also be an oily film on the surface of the water. Although this looks like pollution, it is actually not. In areas that have iron-rich water, ground water seepage, and low flow, naturally occurring bacteria oxidize iron for energy. The by-product is ferric iron, which becomes iron oxide when it is exposed to air and water. Iron-oxidizing bacteria are chemotrophic deriving the energy they need to live and multiply by oxidizing dissolved ferrous iron. There is nothing natural in the sandhills of Florida to provide sufficient iron to create such large blooms.
The more likely organism responsible for these blooms are dinoflagellates, a classification subgroup of algae; any of numerous one-celled aquatic organisms bearing two dissimilar flagella and having characteristics of both plants and animals. Most are marine but some live in Florida freshwater habitats.
Some species produce some bioluminescence. Under certain conditions, some species can reproduce rapidly to form water blooms or red tides that discolor the water and may poison fish and other animals.
Historically the taxonomy of this group was placed in the algal division Pyrrophyta or Pyrrophycophyta by botanists. Meanwhile zoologists have claimed them as members of the protozoan order Dinoflagellida. Although they are often considered to be algae in the division Dinoflagellata. This placement is controversial because these organisms have unique nuclei and significantly larger genomes than other eukaryotic algae.
Individual dinoflagellates are microscopic, ranging in size from about 5 to 2,000 micrometers (0.0002 to 0.08 inch).
Nutrition among dinoflagellates is autotrophic, heterotrophic, or mixed; some species are parasitic or commensal. About one-half of the species are photosynthetic; even among those, however, many are also predatory. Although sexual process have been demonstrated in a few genera, reproduction is largely by binary or multiple fission. Under favorable conditions, dinoflagellate populations may reach 60 million organisms per liter of water (like in these images).
Similar bloom on a lake in the Finger Lakes Region of New York (Stockbridge Bowl).
The fascinating tale of how a larcenous, litigious Turkish woman living in New York took a vacation in Brazil, stole a crochet bikini, copyrighted the stolen design in America and started a business suing much larger companies like Neiman Marcus and Victoria's Secret for copyright infringement, of the swimsuit that she herself had stolen. This is a must read-to-believe story.
The creator of the stolen, copyrighted and litigated bikini, Brazilian Maria Solange Ferrarini with her bikinis (photos above and below). So what does Ms. Ferrarini think of the Turkish-American woman who stole her intellectual property? Interviewed in Trancoso, Brazil, the New York Times asked Ms. Ferrarini what she wished would happen to Ms. Irgit, the woman who stole and copyrighted her bikini. She replied with a reference to the colors of Brazil, and maybe of the bikini she had crocheted into existence. “Eu quero que ela se ferre em verde e amarelo,” she said. “I want her to get screwed in green and yellow.”
From delicate soil to bears, Trump shutdown causes lasting damage to national parks
Volunteers prepare to clean a restroom at Joshua Tree National Park on Jan. 4. Campgrounds and some roads have been closed over safety concerns caused by the partial shutdown of the federal government. (Mario Tama / Getty Images)
When David Lamfrom drove into Joshua Tree National Park last week during the first days of the partial government shutdown, he was startled by the chaos.
He saw park visitors hiking off of marked trails and driving their vehicles off of paved roads, trampling and running over vegetation on the desert floor.
Lamfrom, the director of the California desert and national wildlife programs for the National Parks Conservation Assn., was concerned about the destruction of the delicate fungus, bacteria and rock that make up the so-called biological soil crust that plants rely on for growth.
“Deserts are really unique systems. Plant life is ancient there,” he said. “The impacts being caused could take hundreds of years to recover from.”
As the shutdown of the federal government drags into a third week, worries about the long-term damage being done to the nation’s parks and disruptions to wildlife, including bears, are growing.
Diane Regas, chief executive of the Trust for Public Land, a nonprofit park advocacy organization, wrote a letter to President Trump on Thursday, calling for the immediate closure of every national park in the country for the duration of the shutdown to protect visitors and park resources.
“Allowing access to national parks without taking care to steward those resources is irresponsible and could result in irreversible damage and loss,” she wrote.
Unlike the government shutdown in 2013, the Trump administration has kept national parks open with limited staff in place. But, as bathrooms and other services have become overloaded, more and more campgrounds are closing at parks across California on a largely ad hoc basis.
The latest example is Death Valley National Park, where several campsites closed Friday because of health and safety concerns over human waste, trash, vandalism and damage to park resources, the park’s chief of interpretation and education, Patrick Taylor, said in a news release.
Reports continue to trickle in from volunteers about Champagne bottles left strewn about in Joshua Tree and human waste piling up on roads leading into Yosemite. In Texas’ Big Bend National Park, a hiker reportedly broke his leg and was carried out by fellow visitors.
“It is a delicate balance between conservation and recreation,” said Steve Blumenshine, a professor of biology at Fresno State who spent time in Yosemite this week. “In a shutdown, we take that to extremes.”
Regas said advocating for closing parks completely, rather than just campgrounds, is “a very unusual stance” for her organization, which works to increase access to parks and has donated land to expand them, including Yosemite National Park.
“But we are not taking this lightly,” she said in an interview. “This is urgent.”
Whether to shut an area of a park is up to each park’s superintendent. He or she can bar visitors if resources “vulnerable to destruction, looting, or other damage” cannot be adequately protected by the law enforcement officers who remain on duty during the shutdown, according to the National Park Service’s contingency plan for a lapse in federal funding.
Campgrounds at Joshua Tree closed at noon Wednesday, officials said, citing health and safety concerns over vault toilets that were near capacity. The waterless bathrooms, in which visitors can relieve themselves into a sealed container buried underground, had remained open. But no workers are around to pump out the waste.
Sequoia and Kings Canyon national parks went a step further, closing entirely to visitors this week.
Meanwhile, an investigation into the Christmas Day death of a man at Yosemite is being delayed by the shutdown, National Park Service spokesman Andrew Munoz said Friday.
Yosemite officials received a 911 call reporting a man with a head injury in the Silver Apron area on the Merced River above Nevada Fall and rangers arrived in less than an hour, Munoz said. The man was removed from the water and received medical treatment, but he died from his injuries. He was not in a restricted area.
“We aren’t releasing more detail because the incident remains under investigation, which is taking longer than usual because of the shutdown,” Munoz said in an email. “A news release wasn’t issued because of the shutdown.”
There also is a new wave of concern over another perennial issue at Yosemite: how humans interact with bears.
The trash that visitors have left and is piling up could attract wildlife to populated areas, increasing the risk of dangerous encounters.
Munoz said there were one or two bears active in the Upper Pines Campground in Yosemite this week. The bears did not get any food, but campers reported bears pushing on cars and trailers, and one bear did get into some trash one night last week in Yosemite Valley, he said.
“It is too early to tell what the long-term impacts may be,” Munoz said in an email. “However, bears and other wildlife becoming habituated to human food and trash is a huge concern.”
The shutdown is shining a light on one of the inherent tensions of the national park system: how to protect the ecology of parks while opening them to visitors, said Jeffrey Jenkins, an assistant professor of public lands and protected areas at UC Merced. And without staffers around to monitor the parks, that tension can become untenable.
“It is putting an undue burden on the parks,” he said. “At some point, it becomes a tragedy of the commons.”
Lamfrom, the director at the National Parks Conservation Assn., said the toll from the shutdown won’t be known until park staff returns to work.
“We don’t have a true reckoning of what the impacts are yet,” he said.
No comments:
Post a Comment